Julius Caesar Editorial Free Essays

Upon the arrival of March fifteenth, Rome lost a significant regular citizen whose name was Julius Caesar. A gathering of plotters lead by Cassius and Brutus arranged Caesar’s slaughtering to benefit Rome. They lead him into the state house while Caesar was totally unmindful of what was happening. We will compose a custom paper test on Julius Caesar Editorial or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The men were examining if Caesar would bring back Publius Cimber when Caesar became ruler. Caesar rejected since his choices weren’t simple to influence. This and all the loathe they had work before attracted the men to cut Caesar to death. The first being Casca and in conclusion Brutus while Caesar said the well known word â€Å"Et tu, Brute?† before kicking the bucket. The plotters at that point washed their arms in Caesar’s blood and went through the lanes of Rome praising their triumph. Be that as it may, was this demonstration successful? A few people would differ with the plotters; they trust Caesar was a decent and steadfast man to Rome and that they bombed him by executing him. They accept somebody who was that extraordinary couldn't be overlooked effectively or could have become the individual the plotters said he would. Which is the reason after his passing there was an embarrassment in the boulevards. We can see this when plebeian said after Antony talked enormously of Caesar â€Å"Marked ye his words? He would not take the crown. Subsequently ’tis certain he was not eager. † Others accepted that this desire was hazardous; it would drive Caesar into an awful ruler, which was not in light of a legitimate concern for Rome. Subsequently Brutus was better for the crown since he spared them from Caesar. Brutus said â€Å"not that I cherished Caesar less, however that I adored Rome more. † Which individuals really accepted and hail Brutus for improving parts. Will be delegated in Brutus! † What do I think? I trust Caesar’s passing was crooked! No men ought to be punished for something he will do. Nobody actually this if these suspicions would have worked out as expected. So why follow through on the cost when you have accomplished something incorrectly? Caesar had more beneficial things about himself than awful, and Rome should concentrate on the realities of the beneficial things he has done rather than the chance of â€Å"too much ambition†. I trust Brutus and the backstabbers state that what they did was decent and to benefit everybody when truly it was to fulfill themselves. Caesar never irritated one of them by and by; they continued taking care of themselves on negatives thoughts of Caesar that drove them to his death. Caesar was a decent man and regardless of whether he had numerous defects he is human, and all people reserve a privilege to live! Particularly, all people get an opportunity to live in the event that they have not done anything incorrectly. Antony shared these thoughts when he said â€Å"Did this in Caesar appear to be driven? At the point when that the poor have cried, Caesar hath sobbed. Aspiration ought to be made of sterner stuff. However Brutus says he was yearning, and Brutus is a good man†¦I threefold introduced him a royal crown, which he did threefold cannot. Was this aspiration? Caesar ought not have kicked the bucket that way and ought to have gotten an opportunity to refute them. Step by step instructions to refer to Julius Caesar Editorial, Papers

Cultural Competencies For Nurses Impact on Health and Illness

Question: Depict about the Case Study on Cultural Competencies For Nurses in the Impact on Health and Illness? Answer: An) According to the contextual analysis we can see that Mrs. G experiences noticeable breathing difficulty and after the tests and assessment unmistakably she has additionally got intense pneumonia because of delayed episode of influenza. Aside from that the tests have additionally uncovered that she has mental issues too. She experiences hypertension and stays bothered and has as of late answered to have chest torment when enquired by the medical attendant. As per World Health Organization definition Health is a condition of complete physical, mental and social prosperity and not just the nonappearance of infection or illness. Henceforth, as indicated by the given definition Mrs. G could be alluded as solid when she is liberated from a wide range of mental and physical sickness. She should be annihilated of a wide range of disease which she conveys now with the goal that she can be called solid. The difficulty of physical maladies like chest agony and pneumonia, the breathing issue should be restored alongside that we should ensure that her influenza doesnt return as it was the main driver of pneumonia in her body. Also her psychological maladjustment should be restored so as to change her into a sound individual. The reason for hypertension and stress should recognize through directing and afterward should be tended to. Generally speaking one might say that she should be liberated from a wide range of sicknesses which incorporates both mental and physical ailment with the goal that she can be pronounced to be in acceptable condition of wellbeing. B) Over the years there have been a great deal of research regarding the matter of disease and numerous researchers have characterized the term sickness in various manners. Consequently, there are various definitions to ailment. For the current contextual analysis and dependent on the state of Mrs. G one might say that she fits impeccably with a meaning of ailment (Dayer-Berenson 2014). For her situation disease could be characterized as the condition of being undesirable in the body or brain. She is in a state where her body and psyche both are influenced by sickness. The body and psyche are not working typically because of physical and mental difficulty that she is in. It is significant for the mindful specialists and social insurance experts to adequately speak with her in regards to her psychological and physical issues (Du Pr 2010). It turns out to be critical for the specialists and attendants to distinguish the key issues that she is experiencing so as to have the option to ad dress those issues effectively and assist her with getting restored (Payton 2009). Since she fits with one of the meaning of ailment it is essential to take additional consideration of her and attempt to determine the physical issues of breathing, tending to this season's flu virus and relieving the pneumonia so a more extended timeframe could be contributed to address the psychological issues of hypertension and stress (Radley 2009). Subsequently one might say that with her current state she could be announced sick as her body and psyche have quit working regularly. C) Mrs. G is experiencing hypertension then again she additionally has other physical illnesses. In spite of the fact that physical sicknesses are anything but difficult to fix and yet in the event that the patient is influenced by psychological maladjustment it is frequently observed that physical ailments don't get relieved quick. For this situation it is very important since Mrs. G has hypertension (Rogers Pilgrim 2014). Hypertension is implies she has hypertension and hypertension influences the heart dangerously. Medications work exceptionally delayed as the circulatory strain is high and heartbeat rate is quick since the heart siphons the blood extremely quick. Hypertension is one of the significant reasons for strokes and coronary episodes, dementia, kidney issues and ophthalmic issues (Steiner 2014). Hypertension is a significant reason for vascular dementia which keeps the mind from working and the individual loses intellectual force and thinking limit. She has been stubborn in overlooking drug in any case which has negatively affected her wellbeing. Mrs. G has reacted delayed to the prescription and treatment as she has hypertension the drugs set aside a great deal of effort to break down in blood and it acts late on the body. In the greater part of the cases it has been seen that hypertension causes cerebrum harm as the many-sided nerve instrument in our mind can't stand the over the top weight of blood and they burst which prompts cerebrum harm (Waugh Grant 2014). The way of life of Mrs. G has been very offbeat because of this issue of hypertension she has just given positive indications of level one dementia by keeping herself focused on which can be seen obviously and then again it has additionally pondered the physical advancement of her body and brain, yet with her psychological diseases taking the secondary lounge through viable mental treatment she has been less uninformed to drug in the later part. In spite of the fact that she is old and its very common to create eye issues however hypertension issues of her could be c onsidered answerable for the breaking down states of her ophthalmic state. There have been no indications of diabetes yet its simply an issue of time that she builds up this issue also (Weiss Lonnquist 2012). By and large one might say that her state of mind is undeniably more significant than her state of being and consequently, it is very essential to successfully treat her state of mind of hypertension. On the off chance that hypertension can be diminished or treated appropriately, at that point the other physical illnesses will be gone very soon as she will begin reacting to the prescriptions in a split second and obvious positive change will reflect in her (Weiss Lonnquist 2012). References Dayer-Berenson, L., 2014.Cultural Competencies For Nurses: Impact On Health And Illness. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Du Pr, A., 2010. Imparting about wellbeing: current issues and points of view. Payton, A.R., 2009. Emotional well-being, dysfunctional behavior, and mental pain: same continuum or unmistakable phenomena?Journal of wellbeing and Social Behavior,50(2), pp.213-227. Radley, A., 2009.Works of sickness: Narrative, imagining and the social reaction to genuine disease(Vol. 8). InkerMen Press. Rogers, A. what's more, Pilgrim, D., 2014.A human science of emotional wellness and disease. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Steiner, R., 2014.Health and illness(Vol. 2). SteinerBooks. Waugh, A. what's more, Grant, A., 2014.Ross Wilson life systems and physiology in wellbeing and ailment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Weiss, G.L. what's more, Lonnquist, L.E., 2012.Sociology of wellbeing, recuperating, and ailment. Prentice Hall.

A new semester

A new semester Since everyones doing it, I dont want to miss out on telling you all what classes Im taking this term! Ive got a varied and hefty schedule this term so lets get to it. (classes are arranged chronologically) 8.02-Physics II-Electricity and Magnetism Im not actually taking this class as a student, Im a TA! BWAHAHAHA!! Its a nice job, I explain physics, grade a few papers, and in exchange I get to say I helped teach a class at MIT on my resume. Not bad. Plus its my favorite professors last semester at MIT, so Im happy to get to work with him teaching his class. 6.01-Intro to EECS EECS, for those of you who didnt stare at the floor during prom, is Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and 6.01 is a quick and dirty introduction to the fundamentals of circuit building and programming. Ive got a background in programming, but they use Python whereas I learned on Java. (for all you coders out there, let me go ahead and say PythonJava is TRUE) I love python, its so easy to read and it makes a lot of sense. All in all, I love this class so far. 2.002-Mechanics and Materials II The sequel to the critically acclaimed Mechanics and Materials I, this class focuses on how materials behave when you load them to failure. Or in laymens terms, I get to break stuff in lab =). Its fascinating to learn why bridges collapse and airplane roofs tear off, and being able to predict how and when things will fail based on the materials their made out of is a cool party trick (at least at the parties I go to) 14.02-Macroeconomics Nothing like macrophotography, macroeconomics is the study of markets as a whole. Its a pretty good time to be interested in GDP and what not with all the talk about China and the recession. MIT has one of the best econ departments in the country, so Im a lucky guy to get to listen to my professors talk about how it all works and what exactly is going on. 21M.460- Sabar Drumming Do any of you guys remember Todd? My Sabar drum from long ago? (http://www.mitadmissions.org/topics/life/sabar_drums_rwanda_and_the_cia.shtml/) Well were going to be reunited at long last! Im taking a class dedicated solely to my favorite part of Intro to World Music: playing the Sabar drums. Im super excited for this. 21W.789-Mobile web application development The winner of wrong category award, this writing class (what?) is a project based mobile application development. Its the perfect compliment to the Obj-C I picked up over IAP as the goal is to design and implement an application for mobile devices. Ive got so many ideas on sticky notes I cant wait to bring to life! Rock Climbing-Top Ropes MIT has some pretty great options for PE credits, including skiing, hiking, SCUBA diving, and rock climbing. The only one that fit my schedule this time was Rock Climbing, but Im still really excited about getting to go out and do something I love and have it count for credit! In addition to those classes, Im also participating in a UROP designing and testing an Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscope to look for high temperature superconductors and Im the recently elected publicity czar of the greatest club on earth (http://miters.mit.edu/). Actually Cam and I are both in MITERS, so expect to get blogger double teamed with all the cool stuff that goes on thereabouts. Anything else? OH! Im going to Germany for a weekend to give a talk on entrepreneurship and effective teaching methods for intelligent students, and (back) to Stanford to do some more work on stuff (these trips are practically back to back, which should make for an interesting week.) Ive also picked up running as a habit with the goal of running in the Boston Marathon next year! WHEW! Its a crazy crazy life here at MIT, but boy do I love every minute of it (good thing, I spend a lot of minutes here!)

Genetic Engineering Pros And Cons - 1648 Words

GENETIC ENGINEERING: PROS: Pros of genetic engineering are the facts that scientists and doctors in our generation could first and foremost discover new diseases and parasites and types of unheard cancers and illnesses before they spread further than they need too. The doctors can therefore invent a cure for this illness before it spreads really far and before anyone else gets sick. With the genetic engineering they can then stop the spreading and cure the diseases before it gets out of hand. This is a definite pro to genetic engineering and the safety of our society. Another pro of genetic engineering is conceded in the fact that many children are born prematurely or with disabilities and illnesses that may have been prevented. Many†¦show more content†¦Where everyone would act the same, look the same, talk the same. there would be no diseases and earth would seem perfect. But this leads right into my third con of genetic engineering. If we have the means within genetic engineering to twist everything evil that comes our way into something good, then nothing bad will happen (as in diseases), and the world can easily gain way too many people! Thus the world would be overpopulated and we would live in a fake, plastic - like society. So there is both good and bad to genetic engineering. :D GENE THERAPY: the process in taking old defective cells out and replacing them with good healthy new ones. PROS: Gene therapy has an unlimited potential. We could make everyone who is lame, dumb, mute, deaf, or blind healthy again. There would be no prevalent diseases in society and we could prevent so much sickness and terrible times in society. CONS: . If it went too far and became a main thing in today’s society, then no one would ever be sick and everyone would be perfect. This is a deformed way to look at changing people’s uniqueness and making everyone the same†¦ Genetic therapy could damage the gene pool and effects could carry down generation to generation. This in turn could create a world wide sadness that would be disturbing. This damage would be permanent. Another con is the fact that genetic engineering could be only for those who are excessively rich and this would only inShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1676 Words   |  7 Pagesenergy gets passed on throughout each trophic level to how the positive/negative ions in water molecules can effect how they bind to each other/are attracted to one another. While going over the long unit known as genetics, one topic in particular left a mark in my mind: Genetic Engineering/modification. It opened a door to me that allowed me question our everyday life, questions flooded my mind. For example, I pondered things like, How could we use gene modification to create natural pesticidesRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1662 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering is the process whereby new DNA is added or existing DNA is altered in an organism s genome. This may involve changing one base pair (A-T or C-G) or deleting entire sections of DNA or adding additional copies of a gene. This results in creating new traits that were not previously present in the organism’s genome. This is done to selectively breed desired traits or to create plants with increased resistance to pesticides and increased tolerance to herbicides. For example insulinRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering831 Words   |  4 Pages Genetic engineering is the growing science of the world and is increasingly under the spotlight over ethical issues. Is biotechnology going to save lives, rather than destroy them? and will the benefits outweigh the risks? The main problem with such questions is that we dont know the answer until we try them out. Like all sciences it is hard to predict outcomes, so far there have been more failures being told than success stories. Genetic engineering is the splitting of DNA out of an organism’sRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesScientists state that the world is constantly moving towards disorder, while the purpose in life is to bring order to the universe. Now genetic engineering is a very old science that has been in play for many years. Scientists have been creating genetically modified organisms and products for years. But we now have the knowledge and technology to do this on a drastic scale the world has never seen. Knowing that genetically modifying something turns it into something god did not create. Do we haveRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1101 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering brings about great and marvelous things, yet it raised many ethical issues. Some encourage research, while others oppose against such a bizarre idea. Their arguments revolve around impacts on the environment, humans, and social values. This paper seeks to give an account of these issues and present a possible moral compromise. Ecological problems may be caused when genetically engineered species are introduced. It may offset the natural balance of a system and may even lead toRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1915 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Genetic engineering refers to any changes in genetic makeup that result from the direct manipulation of DNA using various technical methods† ( source 1). More simply put, genetic engineering involves cutting, pasting, and/or editing DNA, specifically targeted ones, to produce a valuable effect produce a useful or desirable characteristic in an organism. The results can greatly modify a certain species or even create a new one. The Biotechnology to do such things were only available in the 1970sRead MorePros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many benefits of genetic engineering, but there are many risks too. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population. Basically, scientists take DNA of one product and put it into another product to get a mixture of traits from both products. It’s like breeding different breeds of dogs to get a certain look or personality. Some people don’t mind what goes into genetically altered foods, while othersRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering1068 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Genetic engineering is a process in which scientists transfer genes from one species to another totally unrelated species. Usually this is done in order to get one organism to produce proteins, which it would not naturally produce. The genes taken from one species, which code for a particular protein, are put into cells of another species, using a vector. This can result in the cells producing the desired protein. It is used for producing proteins which can be usedRead MorePros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay2059 Words   |  9 Pages Genetic Engineering is highly controversial since some people believe that genetic engineering is playing God. As this fact there is opposition to the progression of the field by people who do not see the value in genetic engineering, or they fear what genetic engineering may lead to for us as people. There is a history of discover that belongs to genetic engineering, which has led to numerous products that have emerged which have brought numerous applications to the society of the world. ThoughRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering has been a major topic of discussion ever since Dolly the sleep was cloned. Its raises ethical, moral and religious questions due to the fact it is tampering with the makeup of organisms, and certain religions believe it is not our right to do this. Genetic engineering involves the re-arranging of DNA sequences, artificial horizontal gene transfer and cloning. There has been little progress

Social And Cultural Context Of Psychology - 818 Words

Katja Gavrilina Define the term Psychology and discuss its history in light of social and cultural context, highlighting the significance of different perspectives in Psychology. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes and human behaviour. It had roots in philosophy and physiology, before becoming an independent scientific discipline in the late 1800 s. Descartes (1641) suggested that the mind and the body work separately, together creating the human experience (Mastin L. 2008). This idea of so called dualism shaped a number of on going discussions in modern psychology, such as the nature nurture debate. In 1879 the first experimental laboratory was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, in Leipzig, Germany. This fundamental moment is referred to as the birth of Psychology. Until the 1900 s psychologists mainly studied the conscious human experience. Sigmund Freud, Austrian physician, caused a ground-breaking shift in this field (1890 s - 1930 s). He brought special importance to the unconscious mind, arguing that early childhood experiences and unconscious urges shape our adult personality. He emphasized the importance of sex and stages of early development. Contributing psychoanalysis in the 20th century, Freud had an enormous impact on the field of Psychology. His theory is unscientific and based on his individual cases, which makes it hard to generalize his assumptions. Freud s work was also criticized by feminist Karen Horney,Show MoreRelatedMulticultural Psychology Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Psychology Paper Multicultural Psychology Paper Multicultural psychology is the systematic study of all aspects of human behavior as it occurs in settings where people of different cultural backgrounds encounter each other. Multiculturalism has been considered a fourth force in the field of psychology, supplementing behaviorism, psychodynamic theories, and humanistic psychology. It explores such topics as differences in worldviews and in means of communication; the acculturationRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On Mental Health Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The importance of a cross-cultural understanding in Psychology is imperative to successful care and assistance of mental health. Understanding and acknowledging the complexities of different cultures is the beginning of a more informed approach to mental health. Cultural factors and questions play a fundamental role, however, simply acknowledging cultural differences does not necessarily provide the best individual help. Thus, a combination of cultural, demographic and individual factorsRead MoreSocial Psychology: Characteristics, Motives, and Situationism1494 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Psychology: Characteristics, Motives, and Situationism PSYCH/550 May 27, 2013 Social Psychology: Characteristics, Motives, and Situationism According to Fiske (2010), the classic definition of social psychology is, â€Å"the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings† [ (p. 4) ]. In other words, where general psychology is the study of human behavior on an individualRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of the Sociocultural Perspective986 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology is one of the newest sciences. Because it is the science of the mind and behavior, it is also less concrete than some of the other sciences. Over the years, social scientists have developed theories or perspectives based off of their observations, research, and the perspectives of other scientists. Although there is some overlap, each of the major perspectives of psychology is unique. As a result, they each have strengths and weaknesses and explain psychology in a different way. OneRead MoreThe Macrosystem: From Chil d to Adult Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesculture, and ecological system. Mental health and community counselors should keep in mind the complex, reciprocal interactions that characterize personal behavior in situations. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. There have been a number of theories surveyed that are foundational to the profession of mental health counseling. The foundational areas are theRead MoreThe Purpose of Cross-Cultural Psychology1100 Words   |  4 PagesCross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology concerns itself with the significant links or connections that there are between the psychology of individuals within a culture and their psychology. Cultural psychology emphasizes on the relevance of human behavior to understanding the psychology of the individual if only the sociocultural setting and context in which the behavior occurs. One good instance of this is the way religious views about extramarital activities shapes the behavior and the attitudesRead MoreSocial Constructionism, Identity and the Concept of Deviance Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Constructionism, Identity and the Concept of Deviance Social constructionist use the term social construction to imply that our understanding of the world in which we live is constructed from the social interactions we have on a daily basis. In reference to identity, social constructionist theory (SCT) proposes that we as social beings actively construct our identities using social tools as the means in which to construct our identities, the foremost one being language. This particularRead MoreI Support Dewey s Approach At The Policy Making Level832 Words   |  4 PagesAs a student in educational psychology, I support Dewey’s approach at the policy making level regarding the educational purpose and its role in creating well-being individuals in the world. The idea that the education should be effective in preparing students to participate as active citizens in a democratic society seems big and need lots of work, time and efforts to have it achieved. He believed that the democratic movement in education was necessary for creating an equitable system of human libertiesRead MoreLegal Issues Associated By Clinical Psychology Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesLegal issues associated in clinical psychology In clinical psychology, several legal issues do exist, and clinical psychologists must adhere to such legal standards. Two common legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and obtaining written informed consent. In regard to the maintenance of confidentiality, the clinical psychologists must never disclose the records of any patient or client unless required by law. This is a significant concern in clinical psychology, which the psychologist is boundRead MorePsychology and the Nature of Humanity1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction. The American Psychologist Association (APA) defines psychology as ‘the study of the mind and behaviour . The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. ‘(Association, 2014). With such an extensive definition, it is not overly surprising that its scientific kudos has been used to propagate political dogma, including abominable beliefs such as the innate inferiority

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Law and Its Effectiveness Free Essays

string(83) " and most importantly IPC laws relating to sexual offences are not gender neutral\." PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES: LAW AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS *INTRODUCTION Childhood is considered to be the most crucial phase of human growth and also the most memorable one. It is much more than just the space between birth and the attainment of adulthood. It is a precious time in which children should live free from fear, safe from violence and protected from abuse and exploitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Protection of Children from Sexual Offences: Law and Its Effectiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s time for children to be in school and at playground, to grow strong and confident with the love and encouragement of the family and an extended community of caring adults. But what if the childhood becomes a never ending nightmare? A childhood where child refuses to go to school out of an unusual fear? A childhood where he refuses to play outside as he is scared to be surrounded by people? Just imagine a childhood when his own house, the safest place for a child turns out to be an exploitation camp by his own inmates. The entire childhood get raped! We can’t imagine of anything more horrific. The stories of abuse and exploitation of children is all around us. We read about them in the papers, watch them in news and see hundreds of children being exploited as we go about our everyday lives. As per a study conducted by Ministry of women and child department, 53 percent of children in India have suffered some kind of sexual abuse in their childhood and the more shocking fact is that unlike the ordinary notion, 50 percent abusers are known to the child or in a position of trust or responsibility. *CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE DEFINED Child abuse may be emotional, mental, physical or sexual and encompasses a much wider gamut of actions . On the other hand Child sexual abuse is that which targets sexuality and/or sexual organs, involves sexual gestures, words, pictures, actions. It’s the most heinous manifestation of abuse of children as it traumatizes the child for the whole life in all ways, sexually, physically, psychologically and socially, leaving behind a scarred childhood and a disillusioned adulthood caused by the past memories. According WHO, child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give consent to or that violates the laws or social taboos of society. While releasing the Report on Child abuse in India, 2007, Women and child Development minister, Renuka Chaudhary said â€Å"child abuse is shrouded in secrecy and here is a conspiracy of silence around the entire subject†. Both the government and the NGO’S working in this field find it difficult to get the accurate data. *INDIAN CONSTITUTION, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND THE LEGISLATIVE LAWS: RECOGNITION OF THE CHILD RIGHTS AND THEIR PROTECTION Looking into the details of child abuse in India, our le gal framework and the relevant legislations, Indian constitution recognising the vulnerable position of children and various crimes against children that are linked to sexual abuse provides for their protection from such offences. Article 15 provides for special attention to children through necessary and special laws and policies that safeguard their interest. Article 23 provides protection against human trafficking and forced labour. Article 24 and 39 specifically prohibits children from engaging in hazardous employment and protection from exploitation respectively. Thus Indian constitution has provided for a framework which serves as a direction to the legislature to make child protection laws. India’s commitment to the issue is also emboldened by the fact that India is a signatory nation to the UN Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989. One important regional convention here is the SAARC convention on preventing and combating trafficking in women and children, 2002. Looking at the legislative laws the parliament of India recently passed Protection of children from sexual offences Act, 2012. The act has filled a glaring lacuna in the law. We will get into the details of the Act at the later stage of the essay as the law has just come into force and we are yet to see its impact. To appreciate the new act we have understand the history of child sexual abuse laws in India and their effectiveness so far. Before the above mentioned law was passed the cases of child sexual abuse were dealt under the following sections of IPC. Section 375 defines rape; section 376 provides for the punishment of rape which shall not be less than seven years but which may extend to ten years unless the women raped is his own wife and is not under twelve years of age in which case, he shall be imprisoned with a term which may extend to two years or fine or both. When the girl is less than 12 years or where the rapist is a person in authority (in a hospital, children’s home, a police station etc. ), the punishment is greater; section 377 which relates to unnatural offences. This section is generally invoked when boy children are sexually abused; section 354 which deals with outraging the modesty of a woman or a girl and section 509, which relates to insulting the modesty of a woman. The ordinary criminal laws are totally inadequate to protect the children from sexual abuse. IPC does not recognize the term â€Å"child sexual abuse†. Firstly section 375 restricts itself to just penile penetration. Secondly it does not treat forced sexual intercourse by a husband against the wife (above 15 years) as an offence. Thirdly there is no statutory definition of modesty. It carries a weak penalty and is a compoundable offence. Moreover it does not address outraging the modesty of a male child. Fourthly sexual offences against men are covered under section 377 which does not cover the offence adequately. The term unnatural offence in not defined. It only applies to victims penetrated by their attacker’s sex act, and is not designed to criminalize sexual abuse of children . Lastly and most importantly IPC laws relating to sexual offences are not gender neutral. You read "Protection of Children from Sexual Offences: Law and Its Effectiveness" in category "Law" This is due to an age long myth that only females are sexually abused and only males are abusers leaving the female abusers out. But the 2007 Report has given a severe blow to this long standing myth which revealed that out of total child victims, 52. 94 percent were boy children. Yes! It’s shocking. Male children are equally vulnerable and a boy being raped does exist! Besides IPC, there are other legislations also. Obscenity and pornography are dealt under the Young persons (harmful publications) Act, 1956. A young person means a person under the age of 20 years. It is an offence to sell, let, hire, distribute or publically exhibit harmful publications. Other than this under section 67 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 publication and transmission of pornography through the internet is an offence. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 deals primarily with children in conflict with the law and their rehabilitation. It does not provide adequately for children in need or identify offences against child victims * In addition to children other than those who are abused within their family by their relatives or friends or by strangers at any public place, there are three organised form of sexual abuse of children which are globally prevelant and form a major percentage of sexually abused children. And these three forms are trafficking in human, child labour and child marriage. Human Trafficking as defined in the Un is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of the threat or use of force or other forms f coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of othe rs or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or service, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. †Quoting from an article written by Havovi wadia â€Å"Among the Naths of Bihar, prostitution is a way of life. When a family doesn’t have a daughter, girls are purchased from other parts of the state and pushed into sex work so that the family can live off their earnings. † Children who work as domestic labour, or help in hotels and restaurants, are susceptible to sexual abuse at the hands of employers and customers. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention)Act protects children below the age of 16 from being used for the purposes of commercial sex. Immoral trafficking of children who generally leads to prostitution is one of the most heinous manifestations of violence against children. The US Department of State trafficking in Person report have placed India in Tier II watch list for a second consecutive year for having failed to combat human trafficking. A number of children go missing every year – some are sold by their families, some are kidnapped, others lured by the promise of a better life both for themselves and their kin. According to CRY (Child Rights and You). * 8,945 children go missing every year. * 500,000 children are estimated to be forced into the sex trade every year * Approximately 2 million child commercial sex workers are between the ages of 5 and 15 years * Approximately 3. million child commercial sex workers are between 15 and 18 years * Children form 40% of the total population of commercial sex workers * 80% of these children are found in the five metros – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Bangalore * 71% of them are illiterate. Child marriage gives the abuser a societal passport to sexually abuse the child. Child marriage i s practiced globally but it is especially prevalent in India where more than one third of all child brides live. According to UNICEF, 47% of girls are married by 18 years of age, and 18% are married by 15 years of age. A study conducted in  India  by International research centre for women  showed that girls married before 18 years of age are twice as likely to be beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbands  and three times more likely to experience sexual violence. ]  Young brides often show symptoms of sexual abuse and post traumatic stress. Though the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 makes the practice of marrying girls under the age of 18 and boys under the age  of 21 punishable but its implementation has not been very effective. We can still find minor couple tying the knot on â€Å"Akkha teej†, a summer festival believed to be auspicious for wedding. This is gross violation of law. Many in urban slum areas get their children married young to protect them from sexual abuse. Once a girl attains puberty she begins to be seen as sexually available. For some parents marriage is the only way to ensure that the girl is ‘unavailable’ to others for abuse. The 2007 Report reveals the percentage of child sexual abuse is highest in work areas, which is 61. 61 percent. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 Section 26 (Exploitation of Juvenile or Child Employee) provides for punishment if a person procures a juvenile for hazardous employment. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation Act) was enacted in 1986, to specifically address the situation of  children in labour. However, this law distinguishes between hazardous and non-hazardous forms of labour, and identifies certain processes and occupations from which children are prohibited from working. It leaves out a large range of activities that children are engaged in and are exploited and abused. The large-scale exploitation and abuse of children employed in domestic work and hotels are cases in point. The other abuse Child trafficking is one of the most heinous manifestations of violence against children. *PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT, 2012: ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Now coming to the recent legislation which has addressed the various loop holes in the existing laws to a great extent is the Protection of children from sexual offences Act, 2012 . It’s a historic law . Though India became a signatory to the UN convention on the rights of the child back in 1992 but it took India twenty long years to enact a separate law dealing with the offences against children. The Act is headway stronger than all the earlier child sexual abuse laws. The Act, on the lines of the UN convention defines a child as any person below the age of 18 years and provides protection to all the children from the offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography. These offences have been clearly defined for the first time in law. Firstly it acknowledges and engages with sexual crimes of all kinds — real/virtual; penetrative/ non- penetrative; homosexual/ heterosexual/ bestial; verbal/ physical. This is a major improvement on the earlier situation, when child sexual abuse was clubbed with sexual abuse of adults. Secondly it acknowledges that sexual violations can be of various kinds and that in the case of children, the state must take a clear punitive stand on any kind of sexual violation. Thirdly  it is gender inclusive, accepting that the perpetrators as well as the victims may be either male or female. It is otherwise commonly assumed that sexual abuse can only be initiated by a male upon a female. Fourthly it lays down stringent punishments (up to life imprisonment) for a broad range of sexual crimes such as nonpenetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography. Fifthly the legislation is also marked by the introduction of special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system. These include measures for recording a child’s evidence, for protecting his or her identity and for providing children with assistance and expertise from professionals in the fields of psychology, social work and so on. Sixthly for speedy trials the Act has provided for the establishment of special courts and the evidence of the child to be recorded within a period of 30 days. Also, the Special Court is to complete the trial within a period of one year, as far as possible. And lastly giving due attention to vulnerability and innocence of children the Act has put the onus of innocence on the accused. The present act is certainly welcoming and addresses the sexual offences against children effectively and efficiently. The bill has taken a comprehensive view and has broadened the sphere of child sexual abuse. That said there is one provision of the Act which has sparked controversy and that is the â€Å"age of consent†. Eighteen has been kept the age of consent and any sexual activity between consenting adolescents would be considered criminal. People from different sections of the society and those working in the field of child rights have shown their disagreement with the view taken. Since this Act criminalises any sexual activity with persons under the age of 18 years (even if it is consensual), is said that the police may misuse it to harass the young ouples or parents may use this law to control olden children sexual behaviour. Additional sessions judge Kamini Lau,of a Delhi court ,while acquitting a youth of the charges of kidnapping and raping a 17-and-a-half-year-old girl, to whom he got married and is now having a child with, called the said provision of the Act of increasing the age of consent from 16 to18 to be â€Å"regressive† and â€Å"draconian†. The re marks were made while referring to the conditions in western countries where there are adequate safeguards for protection against sexual offences. No doubt, there is an urgent need to protect children from sexual offences, harassment and pornography but at the same time it is necessary to ensure a close-in-age reprieve and a lenient view in case of close-in-relationship as adopted by various western countries where there is no exploitative coercive situation including impersonation, fraud, fear, threat and false promises. The need is to correct this behaviour and not punish† she said. Flavia Agnes in Indianexpress said that the age of consent for sexual intercourse has always been contested. In 1860, 10 years was the stipulated minimum age. But the furore caused by the death of an 11-year-old girl at the hands of her 35-year-old husband through forcible penetration led to the raising of the age of consent to 12 years in 1892. Later, during the nationalist movement, when women’s groups entered the political arena, they highlighted the adverse effects of early pregnancy upon women’s health, and demanded that the age of consent to marriage and sexual intercourse be raised to 14 years. Then, the age was raised to 15 years in 1949, and later to 16 years. Consensual intercourse with a girl under this age was construed as â€Å"statutory rape†. But the provision made a concession to the husband, who was permitted to have sex with his wife if she was above the age of 15. This dichotomy and confusion persists as the age of marriage under the Hindu Marriage Act and the Prohibition of child marriage act is 18 years and 21 years for a female and a male respectively. The proposed bill aims to resolve this confusion by stipulating a uniform age for marriage as well as sex, and inadvertently contributes to a puritanical notion that marriage and sex are synonymous. Ms Taparia, founder of Mumbai-based organization â€Å"Arpan† which works in the field of child sexual abuse says â€Å"We need to treat the bracket of ages 16 to 18 differently. If a child is raped, then you bring it under the judicial purview, but if it’s consensual sex between two people who are both within the age bracket 16 to 18 years, then it shouldn’t be criminalized. Puberty is coming early†¦So it’s regressive to take the age of legal sex to 18 years†. *RESPONSIBILTY OF CHILD PROTECTION Children are vulnerable sections of the society which needs care and protection for their normal growth. Children are primarily considered to be the responsibility of their family. It’s true that there is no substitute of family’s love and care and their can’t be a better place for a child to live in but what if their own house turns out to be an exploitation camp? For the formation of a protective environment at macro level and for the proper enforcement of child laws it’s the collective responsibility of the family, community, civil society and the state. India has always been on a denial mode when it comes to incest. But the truth is rather shocking! A report from RAHI, a Delhi based NGO working with child sexual abuse titled ‘Voices from the Silent Zone’, suggests that nearly three-quarters of upper and middle class Indian women are abused by a family member — often an uncle, a cousin or an elder brother. The infamous Incest Mira Road case rocked the whole country. The girl victim said in her statement that â€Å"There were times when I had given up on life completely. When a child is in trouble, he first approaches her parents for help and protection, but who would protect me from my own father who had behaved like a beast? † Who is to look after children in such a situation? Family certainly is a stakeholder but they couldn’t and are not the only protectors. Children are â€Å"national asset† to this country and it’s the collective responsibility of the family, state, NGO’S, community and the civil society to protect them. A child that grows up protected from violence and abuse is more likely to grow up physically and mentally healthy, confident and self-respecting and less likely to abuse or exploit others. By contrast, when children are left unprotected and vulnerable to exploitation and abuse their childhood their rights are fundamentally undermined. It was pointed out in The Essentials of child protection that ensuring a protective environment is the responsibility the governments, international organisation, civil societies, families and individuals. A protected environment is one in which a child is assured of living in safety and with dignity. It is one that ensures that children are in school, laws are in place to punish those who exploit children, governments are truly committed to protection, communities are aware of the risks that children faces, civil society addresses certain â€Å"taboo† issues and monitoring is in place to identify children who are at risk of exploitation. Children will never be free from exploitation until all levels of the society from the family to the international community work together. *PRESENT LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILDREN: COMMISSIONS, POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES The UN convention on the rights of the child has provided for four basic rights to every child and these are survival, development, protection and participation. India is a signatory to this convention. To fulfil its commitment we have already mentioned the various legislations that have been enacted to protect the child rights. Other than that to facilitate the laws made, several policies have been enacted. The National policy for children was enacted in 1924. The National charter for children was adopted in 2003. This charter consists of the inherent rights of a child and that the state is duty bound to provide the same. Among other rights it includes protection from economic exploitation and all forms of abuse. Several Ministries and Departments of the Government of India are implementing various schemes and programmes for the benefit of children. Integrated child development service scheme is one such scheme that has taken various other governmental schemes under its purview. Government of India has also set up the childline India foundation, an organization to provide assistance to children. It has a toll free number on which anybody can seek help in the interest of the child. An important step has been taken by the govt with the establishment of National commission for protection of child rights under the commission of the protection of child rights Act, 2005. t is an important step because the Commission’s Mandate is to ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in consonance with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It also provides for the establishment of state commission for the protection of child rights. It mainly aims to decentralize the commission at district and state level so that gra ss root problems can be addressed effectively. NEEDED REFORMS IN THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK, GROUND WORK AND OUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHILDREN *Governmental commitment towards child protection: The Government has got a very crucial role to play in the creation of protective environment for children by the formulation of effective policies, strong legal framework and programming and allocation of adequate resources to the programme. An exercise of budgeting conducted by Ministry of Women and child Development, revealed that the share of the union budget for children in 2006-2007 was 4. 91%, of this the share of child protection was 0. 34%. According to 2001 census, children constitute 42% of India’s population which is a huge population to look after. And with number they certainly deserve more space and attention in the annual budget. At the programmatic level, the existing mechanism for child protection in India is primarily based on several small schemes implemented by different ministries and department. The need is to centralize these schemes under a single programme which specifically addresses child protection rights. Setting up laws is not enough. Implementation has always been a problem in India. The concerned ministry must ensure that laws are being followed. *Attitude and Practices: It must be ensured that we are living in a society that does not facilitate exploitation. Such as even after strict prohibition laws we still see and read about child marriage, devdasis still exist in many parts of the country, female genital mutilation for the misunderstood religious beliefs, Myths such as sexual intercourse with children cures sexually transmitted diseases (this is rampant in Africa). society must be freed from such practices to create a child friendly environment. Open discussion including civil society and child participation: There should be open discussion about sexuality and some basic sex education must be added to the curriculum in schools. Very often children do not even realize that they are being abused. The children must be taught to break the silence and this can be done only by confidence building. The National commission for the protection of child rights has pro vided for state commissions. Till now 15 states have establish the commissions in their states. This should be followed in rest of the sates also. There should be further decentralization at the district and block level. The commission has also stresses on the participation of children. Children are less vulnerable to abuse when they know their rights are not to be exploited and when they know the services available to protect them. In Brazil, the street children have found in the National movement of street boys and girls, a space for participation that has permitted them to become aware of their rights and a platform to fight for their rights. Consulting children can be of immense help to policy makers and planners. In Bangladesh, to develop a national plan of action against sexual abuse and exploitation several children such as those involved in sex work were consulted. Most of the children’s recommendation were included in the National plan of 2002 a ‘child task force’ is also established as a part of monitoring and implementation of the plan. Youth parliaments both at the national and the state level should be established and this should be extended to street children also other than school going children. If not government than this can also be organized by NGO’S. let their voices be heard. It would give them a common platform to discuss their grievances and other issues. Capacity of families and communities:  All those who interact with children—parents, teachers, religious leaders alike – should observe protective child-rearing practices and have the knowledge, skills, motivation and support to recognize and respond to exploitation and abuse. As pointed out in Report 2007 parents do not speak to children about sexuality as well as physical and emotional changes that take place during their growing years. As a result of this, all forms of sexual abuse that a child faces do not get reported to anyone. It was pointed out in the Report 2007 that the girl, whose mother has not spoken to her even about a basic issue like menstruation, is unable to tell her mother about the uncle or neighbour who has made sexual advances towards her. This silence encourages the abuser so that he is emboldened to continue the abuse and to press his advantage to subject the child to more severe forms of sexual abuse. Parents should create friendly relations with their child and tell them about their sexual organs slowly. Children should be told about â€Å"safe and unsafe touch†. Parents should have an â€Å"I believe you† approach and must not blame the children for the abuse. IT’S NOT THEIR FAULT! Schools can play an important role here. Annual workshops on child protection should be conducted in schools. Every school should also have a grievance cell where child counselling can be done. Monitoring, reporting and oversight:  There should be monitoring, transparent reporting and oversight of abuses and exploitation. As per Report 2007, only 3. 4 percent of children were found to have reported to the police. Almost 12 percent told their parents where as 72. 1 percent of children kept quiet. Parents, individuals, friends and neighbour should always report the matter to the police or should at least seek help from any concerned Ngo’s. Any silence will only encourage the abuse. CONCLUSION Children while constituting 40% of our population are â€Å"national asset†. Their development, protection and safety are not only our responsibility but is essential for the country’s growth as a whole. As we said in the beginning of the essay, it’s just not the child but entire childhood gets raped. Most of children get raped even before they get to know that there is something called â€Å"rape†, â€Å"abuse†, or â€Å"sexual assault†. In fact the whole society gets raped. There cannot be anything more heinous than sexually targeting the vulnerable children who are absolutely unaware of the perverted thoughts prevailing around them. All the malpractices associated with the children should be seriously looked upon and we need to be more sensitive towards children. Protecting children is our collective responsibility. Moreover it’s high time we replace the word â€Å"vulnerable† with â€Å"empowered†. Our policies should be based on empowering the children. It’s their right to have a happy and save childhood. Legislature should make strict and effective laws. The present Protection of children from sexual offences Act, 2012 is certainly the strongest and most effective so far. The government must see that the implementation machinery is working effectively. The various NGO’S working for the child rights should keep a check on the implementation process. This is what they can do. Reporting the matter to the police or to any concerned authority, looking after the child and breaking the wall of â€Å"silence† is our responsibility. Give the children what is theirs. All they are asking for is a happy and a safe childhood! ————————————————————————————————————– Submission by- Name: Swati Ghildiyal Course: LLB, 2nd year College : Campus law centre, Faculty of law, Delhi University. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. wcd. nic. in/childabuse. pdf [ 2 ]. ibid [ 3 ]. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It stresses on special care and protection of children worldwide. 4 ]. http://infochangeindia. org/children/analysis/the-sounds-of-silence-child-sexual-abuse-in-india. html [ 5 ]. http://www. state. gov/documents/organization/47255. pdf [ 6 ]. http://america. cry. org/site/know_us/cry_america_and_child_rights/statistics_underprivileged_chi. html [ 7 ]. http://www. theelders. org/docs/child-marriage-factsheet. pdf [ 8 ]. http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/india_statistics. html [ 9 ]. United States Agency for International Development, 2007, †Å"New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global Analysis of Factors and Programs,† pg. 9 [ 10 ]. http://www. icrw. rg/child-marriage-facts-and-figures [ 11 ]. A lawyer and director of â€Å"Majlis†http://www. majlisbombay. org [ 12 ]. http://www. indianexpress. com/news/consent-and-controversy/948277/ [ 13 ]. http://www. arpan. org. in/ [ 14 ]. http://www. rahifoundation. org/home. html [ 15 ]. http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2009-03-21/mumbai/28047758_1_tantrik-hasmukh-rathod-girl [ 16 ]. http://www. childlineindia. org. in/pdf/Essentials-of-child-protection-Oct%2008. pdf [ 17 ]. http://wcd. nic. in/childabuse. pdf [ 18 ]. Child and the Law, by Laxmidhar chouhan, 2008 edition, page no. 48 and 53. How to cite Protection of Children from Sexual Offences: Law and Its Effectiveness, Essays

What Made The Americans Expand Westward Essays -

What Made The Americans Expand Westward? WHAT MADE THE AMERICANS EXPAND WESTWARD? After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a large amount of land west of the original 13 states and the Northwest Territory was acquired. The open land, additional benefits and other existing problems encouraged Americans to expand westward. The American people began to realize that the future of the country lay in the development of its own western resources. There were many reasons that made the people face the grueling and dangerous movement west, but the primary reason was economy. Like the Spanish conquistadors before them, the Americans looked beyond the Mississippi, they saw an open beckoning. Despite the presence of hundreds of Indian nations with rich and distinct cultures, who had populated the land for thousands of yearsfrom the desert of the Southwest and the grassy prairies of the Great Plains to the high valleys of the Rocky Mountains and the salty beaches of the Pacific CoastAmericans considered the west to be an empty wilderness. And in less than fifty years, from the 1803 purchase of Louisiana Territory to the California gold rush of 1849, the nation would expand and conquer the West (Herb 3). The ocean had always controlled New Englands interests and connected it with the real world. Puritanism was still very strong in the north so the moral unity of New England was exceptional. Having a very unmixed population of English origin, New England contrasted very much with the other sections. All this and the fact that they needed to cross populated states in order to expand west set this section part from the others (Leuetenburg and Wishy 37). New Englands population compared to other regions was poor, and the population growth was even poorer. The trans-Alleghany States by 1820 had a population of about 2.25 million, while New England had over 1.5 million. Ten years later, western states had over 3.5 million with the people northwest of the Ohio River alone numbering 1.5 million. In 1820 the total population of New England was about to equal to the combined population of New York and New Jersey; but its increase between 1820 and 1830 was hardly three hundred thousand, not much over half that of New York, and less that of gain of Ohio. If Maine, the growing state of the group, be excluded, the increase of the whole section was less that of the frontier state of Indiana(Turner 41) Fortunately, new manufactures help save New England from becoming an entirely stationary section (Turner 12). New Englands shipping industry became very strong because it had control of neutral trade during the European wars. Of the exports of the United States in 1820, the statistics gave to New England about twenty percent, nine-tenths of which were from Massachusetts(Turner 11). Then in a short period of time, the section witnessed a transfer of the industrial center of gravity from the harbors to the waterfalls, from the commerce and navigation to manufacturers (Turner 13). Water power became the sites of factory towns, and the industrial revolution which, in the time of the embargo, began to transfer industries from the household to the factory, was rapidly carried on(Turner 14). A new class began to develop. Farmers moved into towns, and their daughters began to work in mills. Agriculture, though still very important to many New England people, became a declining interest. By 1830 New England was importing corn and flour in large quantities from other sections. The raising of cattle and sheep increased as grain cultivation declined(Turner 46). With the cattle and sheep raising becoming more popular, it encouraged emigration from New England because it decreased the number of small farms. By the sale of their lands to wealthier neighbors, the New England farmers were able to go west with money to invest(Turner 15). The Middle Region, which included New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, was a transition zone. It connected the north along with the south and the east with the west. Geographically, they (the states) lay on the line of natural routes between the Atlantic on the one side, and the Ohio and the Great Lakes on the other(Turner 10). Compared to New England, this section was rapidly growing region. By 1830, New York had already equaled